Underlying Meanings In Hills Like White Elephants Essay Example For Students

Underlying Meanings In Hills Like White Elephants Essay Underlying Meanings Within Hills Like White ElephantsThough Hills Like White Elephant, by Earnest Hemingway, is mostly composed of a dialog between two people, the reader may learn a great deal about the characters and the meaning of the story indirectly through symbolism, word clues, and tone. The passage from lines 13 through 27, reveals the tarnishing of innocence, as a girls wanting curiosity discovers the disheartening and bitter realities of life. Word clues in the passage illuminate the character of the girl enough so that the reader can understand her position in the story. The characters are named man, girl, and woman. This alone attributes traditional qualities to the protagonist character, the girl, as being inferior, vulnerable, innocent, inexperienced, foolish, and immature. Her conversation in the passage is limited to her observations and inquisitions such as What does it say?.Could we try it?.Is it good,' much like a young child, incapable of a meaningful and in depth conversation (171). The girls inferior position is further illustrated through her indirect contact with the woman; the man orders for the girl and mediates any conversation between them, again, much like a parent would speak for a child. Finally, the girl does display some resentment and rebellion in her tone when she strikes back with, Everything tastes like Licorice. Especially everything youve waited so long for, like absinthe,' which shows her deve lopment out of childlike ignorance (172). We will write a custom essay on Underlying Meanings In Hills Like White Elephants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After establishing the role and position of the girl, the meaning of the passage can be further reinforced through symbolism. When intrigued about the Anis del Toro, the girl asks, Could we try it?' (171). At this point she is inexperienced and is somewhat expectant that she may discover something she may like; she yearns for experience. Anis is clear in its straight form. When you add ice or water to the liquer, it turns cloudy and impure and its strength is diluted. This is the same transformation that the innocence of the girl goes trough as she experiences intimacy with the man and has become pregnant; she is now impure and weakened. In the end, she notes her disappointment and says, It tastes like licorice,' then concludes, Everything tastes like licorice. Especially all of the things youve waited so long for, like absinthe' (172). Relating her experience of trying the Anis with other experiences she has had with the man, whether it be sex, love, or hope for the future; she went in with curious aspiration, and came out with regretful discontent. A great deal of tone and action can be lifted from the short dialog almost immediately. The girl is evasive as she looks at the bead curtain, showing her discomfort in the conversation (171). The man is obviously distracted and bothered and uses little dialog or enthusiasm when he offers, Anis del Toro. Its a drink' (171). He has had the drink before but has no interest in telling the girl any more than the fact that it is a drink and its all right' (171). When the man answers yes, with water,' the very next line tells the reader that the girl is tasting the drink, indicating that a long silence has taken place between the two characters while the waitress ordered and delivered the drinks (172). Finally, the tone switches again when the man halfheartedly answers, thats the way with everything,' and the girl harshly retorts with, Yes. Everything tastes of licorce,' repeating the word everything to show emphasis and sarcasim (172). In merely 14 lines from Hills Like White Elephants, the reader can gather crucial information about the situation at hand and the hostility that exists between the two characters. The joy ride experienced by the carefree couple has been soured, yet enlightened, with the confrontation of responsibility. Now, the girl must come to grips about the meaning of their relationship and their true feelings for each other. .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 , .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 .postImageUrl , .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 , .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348:hover , .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348:visited , .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348:active { border:0!important; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348:active , .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348 .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99e6813fee34d020669b689c6a6e7348:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ancient Advances In Mathematics EssayBibliography:

Sonny Terry and His Harmonica Teaching People to Laugh Again

Sonny Terry and His Harmonica Teaching People to Laugh Again People rarely expect this kind of an instrument and this kind of a performer on stage, and the U.S., caught in the grip of the Great Depression, amidst the I and the II World Wars, could hardly believe that a plain Georgian man with a plain harmonica would win over the hearts of his audience in a millisecond.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sonny Terry and His Harmonica: Teaching People to Laugh Again specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sonny Terry, however, did not expect anything, either; he just did what he could do best – he simply told his Southern blues stories to the accompaniment of his harmonica. Surprisingly enough, his songs were exactly what America of the post-WWI depression needed. Although traditional commonplace phrases also occurred in Terry’s songs, most of his repertoire consisted of his observations of the United States at the verge of a major change, which made these songs documentarie s of the U.S. of the 1930ies. I’m a Stranger Here might seem a weird choice for a song that will make the audience feel happier about their lives. Indeed, the song tapped into the pace that was set by Guthrie, Moses Asch, and many other musicians of the decade. However, even with a song title that sounded no merrier than knell, Terry still managed to jazz the tune up a bit by introducing an upbeat rhythm and an optimistic â€Å"Woo-yes!† (Terry and McGhee). More to the point, the song represents the needs and wishes of the people of the epoch, therefore, serving as a documentary of people’s emotions: â€Å"I’m gonna write home to daddy, / send me my railroad fare† (Terry and McGhee). It is truly amazing how both economical (â€Å"railroad fare† (Terry and McGhee) and social (â€Å"write home to daddy† (Terry and McGhee) aspects of a documentary are intertwined in a single line. Despite its title, Mean Ole Frisco does not harp on the e conomical, racial or financial issues of the city, but, in fact, allows seeing the U.S. with the eyes of a person, who used to live in a happier place and, thus, makes one feel the loss of this place all the stronger. Although technically, the song does not render any obvious economical or social issue, when taking a closer look at the lyrics, one will be able to see what lies beneath the surface and read an idiom of men and women losing their homes, hopes and each other as they roam to larger cities in search for a job to earn some pennies into the image of a girl luring the leading character into San Francisco.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the girl in the song appears to be a metaphor, which stands for a more promising fate, which the residents of the U.S. were so mercilessly ripped off. The â€Å"ole dirty† (Terry and McGhee) San Francisco does n ot have much to offer, either, which tells the audience that for most Okies, the search for the â€Å"Promised Land† did not end well. However, Terry still manages to add more vivacity into the gloomy context of a seemingly silly song. One of the songs that Sonny Terry is known best for, Born and Livin’ with the Blues might not sound as happy as one would expect it to, given some of his early and more upbeat performances; however, it still hit the chord with the post-WWI American audience, who wanted to hear about the family values, the strength of a community, faith in God, and the rest of the unshakeable elements of the life that they strived for. On the one hand, the song appeals for the numerous Okies, who abandoned or, more probably, lost their property due to the economical disaster: â€Å"I’d use my guitar for my pillow† (Terry and McGhee). On the other hand, it shows people the glimpse of hope that they wish they could see: â€Å"From my childhoo d, where I am now, / I ain’t gonna worry, I’ll get by somehow† (Terry and McGhee). While seemingly describing his childhood, starting, properly enough, from the time when he was a kid, to the point when he grows up into a disappointed adult: â€Å"Just look at what a hole I’m in† (Terry and McGhee), Sonny obviously refers to the situation that the entire South, predominantly â€Å"Okies,† was trapped in. Classified as a mix of a social documentary and a traditional one, the song provides an account of both the historical events (though in a metaphoric way) and the emotions of the people who suddenly lost everything. With Sonny Terry on stage, the darkest times of the American history did not seem as gloomy as they were. While other musicians of the era explained though their songs that it was all right to cry, Sonny Terry showed that it was fine to laugh – and the audience smiled as soon as the first chords of his songs started ringing .Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sonny Terry and His Harmonica: Teaching People to Laugh Again specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While remaining a striking contrast to what most artists of the epoch preferred to perform on stage, Terry’s songs gave people lust for life, which was truly a breeze of fresh air for the United States of the 30ies, when every single citizen was caught in the Dust Bowl, with no ray of sunshine getting through. Terry, Sonny and Brownie McGhee. â€Å"Born and Livin’ with the Blues.† YouTube. 1 Mar. 2009. Web. Terry, Sonny and Brownie McGhee. â€Å"Mean Ole Frisco.† YouTube. 2 Jun. 2010. Web. Terry, Sonny and Brownie McGhee. â€Å"I’m a Stranger Here.† YouTube. 28 Jun. 2010. Web.

All About the Dugong

All About the Dugong Dugongs join manatees in the order Sirenia, the group of animals that, some say, inspired tales of mermaids. With their grayish-brown skin and whiskered face, dugongs resemble manatees, but are found on the other side of the world. Description Dugongs grow to lengths of 8 to 10 feet and weights of up to 1,100 pounds. Dugongs are gray or brown in coloration and have a whale-like tail with two flukes. They have a rounded, whiskered snout and two forelimbs. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: SireniaFamily: DugongidaeGenus: DugongSpecies: dugon Habitat and Distribution Dugongs live in warm, coastal waters from East Africa to Australia. Feeding Dugongs are primarily herbivores, eating seagrasses and algae. Crabs have also been found in the stomachs of some dugongs. Dugongs have tough pads on their lower lip to help them grab vegetation, and 10 to 14 teeth. Reproduction The dugongs breeding season occurs throughout the year, although dugongs will delay breeding if they do not get enough to eat. Once a female becomes pregnant, her gestation period is about 1 year. After that time, she usually gives birth to one calf, which is 3 to 4 feet long. Calves nurse for about 18 months. The lifespan of the dugong is estimated at 70 years. Conservation The dugong is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. They are hunted for their meat, oil, skin, bones, and teeth. They are also threatened by entanglement in fishing gear and coastal pollution. Dugong population sizes are not well known. Since dugongs are long-lived animals with a low reproduction rate, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), even a slight reduction in adult survivorship as a result of habitat loss, disease, hunting or incidental drowning in nets, can result in a chronic decline. Sources Fox, D. 1999. Dugong dugon (On-line). Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 10, 2009.Marsh, H. 2002. Dugong: Status Reports and Action Plans for Countries and Territories. (Online). United Nations Environment Programme. Accessed November 10, 2009.Marsh, H. 2008. Dugong dugon. (Online). IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. Accessed November 10, 2009.

Change Model Assignment (MGT 435) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Change Model Assignment (MGT 435) - Essay Example So, it is extremely essential to improve the decision making powers and planning to cope up with such changes to retain the portfolio in the market among others. Besides, it might also help to improve its brand image and reputation of the organization as compared to other rivals operating in the similar sector. In order to do so, most of the organizations operating in the retail sector desire to undertake an international expansion to acquire a large array of new customers, to increase its range of sales and a profit margin as well. In this essay, the importance of change model is highlighted along with its types as per the terms. This is because the types of change models entirely differ for short or long term processes. Change Models The XYZ Inc, a high-end retail chain selling luxurious ornaments, watches, and hand bags also decided to generate its foothold in a new international market named Shanghai by opening a retail store. By doing so, it might facilitate the XYZ Inc to gener ate a high range of revenues and ROI along with the enhancement of total sales (Sharma, 2006). Although it is very short-termed, the types of change model implemented for such a type of alterations are described below: Figure 1. Sustainability Model (Sharma, 2006). The above model describes that in order to reflect or maintain the similar sustainable nature; it tries to get engaged in varied types of operations like an expansion into new markets (Shanghai) to increase the total range of sales (Figure 1). This may be possible only due to the excitement to attain a new range of customers and revenues as well. Along with this, the practice of such expansions in Shanghai might enhance the range of a market share and popularity of XYZ Inc (Weiss, 2012). This might help in the enhancement of the brand image and reputation of the organization in the market among other rivals. It might also improve the financial condition of XYZ Inc as compared to previous financial years. Thus, it may be s tated that the expansion of XYZ Inc into Shanghai market proved extremely effective for the organization in a long run (Paton & McCalman, 2008). Similarly, in case of long-term and large scale changes, the model to be implemented requires a high level of planning and analysis so that it would surely lead to success. Moreover, a continuous improvement is essential that may be possible only through a constant enhancement of people, equipment, and policies or strategies of the organization. Otherwise, it might prove effective for XYZ Inc to open additional retail stores in the regions like Brazil, Russia, India, and China as the level of competition in these markets are extremely high. So, to retain the portfolio and position in these markets, it is essential to continuously up-date the techniques and equipments of the organization as compared to others (Paton & McCalman, 2008). Along with this, high-end training programs might also be implemented within the XYZ Inc so as to enhance th e level of skills and talent of the employees to develop attractive and trendy products (Weiss, 2012). This might only help the organization to increase its range of customers and a profit margin as well as the brand value of its products. So, such types of change models specified below may be used in case of long-scale changes (Sharma, 2006). Rationale for Such a Type of Decisions of the Management Figure 2. Improvement Cycle ( Paton & McCalman,

This assignment allows you to determine the specific details about the Essay

This assignment allows you to determine the specific details about the fictitous company in order to conduct an environmental scan of this company - Essay Example The two owners take care of the managerial aspects of the business, including financial forecasting; accounting and dealing with suppliers and buyers (there are no other salaried employees). Right now the business is facing great competition from rival manufacturers. As the operation is relatively small, producing only 6,000 units of output per month, they cannot enjoy economies of scale that are available to larger manufacturers, these manufacturers also have more clout over their suppliers (or have integrated backward operations) allowing for a lower cost of raw material which translates into lower prices for their customers. Similarly, challenging is the inflow of imported manufacturing parts from economies like China, Japan and Germany which can compete at prices lower than local prices. Government policies enhancing free trade and lowering of trade quotas means that without legislative protection, they have to introduce more efficient and effective ways of processing if the business is to remain afloat. The relative competitiveness in the market along with threat of new (more powerful) entrants will decide whether the business can continue to run or will have to be shut down. With the recession of 2008, the economy took a severe downturn and because of financial security concerns, the banks were reluctant to hand out loans to small businesses. The two partners started their business on self finance and in order to introduce new technology or managerial staff to run their business they will need more resources than they have on hand. Their focus for the past few months has been to form strong relationships with their current customers, including car dealerships, repair shops and the used car market, through strategic marketing and PR platforms. But at the moment they cannot gain customers in the car manufacturing sector as they don’t have the capacity to bring in large orders of

The Electron Transport Chain

The Electron Transport Chain In the electron transport chain, electrons flow downward in energy from coenzyme NADH and flavoprotein FADH2 to the terminal electron acceptor, molecular oxygen, O2. Electrons move spontaneously from carriers of lower reduction potential (Eo) to carriers of higher reduction potential. Molecules involved in the ETC have reduction potentials between the values for NAD+/NADH couples and oxygen/H2O couples. Energy extracted from the transfer of electrons is most efficiently conserved when it is released in a step wise fashion, and is accomplished with four distinct protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane: Complex I = NADH-coenzyme Q reductase (NADH dedhydrogenase) Complex II = succinate-conenzyme Q reductase (succinate dehydrogenase) Complex III = coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase Complex IV = cytochrome c oxidase Complex I oxidizes NADH and reduces coenzyme Q (UQ), transferring a pair of electrons from NADH to UQ. The oxidation of one NADH and reduction of UQ results in a net transport of protons from the matrix side to the intermembrane space. Complex II oxidizes succinate and reduces UQ, yielding a net reduction potential of +0.029 V, which does not contribute to the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex III facilitates the transfer of electrons from UQ to cytochrome c (cyto c) via the Q cycle, which oxidizes UQH2 and reduces cyto c, releasing four protons into the intermembrane space for every two electrons that pass through the Q cycle. Complex IV accepts electrons from cyto c and reduces oxygen to form H2O, driving proton transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrance space. For every four electrons used to reduce oxygen, four protons are released into the intermembrance space. Components of the ETC are arranged in line with the flow of electrons from donors with lower affinity for electrons toward acceptors with higher affinity for electrons. Affinity for electrons is measured by the reduction potential. The transfer of electrons does not occur in a simple linear sequence. Electrons can enter the ETC at different entry points, either through Complex I or Complex II, and then the pathways converge at Complex III. As Fig. 1 shows, electrons move from more negative to more positive reduction potentials on the energy scale. Table 13-7 presents the following reduction potentials for reactions that occur in the ETC: NAD+ + 2H+ 2e- Æ’Â   NADH + H+ ΔEo = -0.320 V FAD + 2H+ +2e- Æ’Â   FADH2 ΔEo = -0.219 V Fumarate + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   Succinate ΔEo = +0.031 V Q + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   QH2 ΔEo = +0.045 V cyt c1(Fe3+) + e- Æ’Â   cyt c1(Fe2+) ΔEo = +0.220 V cyt c(Fe3+) + e- Æ’Â   cyt c(Fe2+) ΔEo = +0.254 V Â ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   H2O ΔEo = +0.816 V As mentioned, molecules involved in the ETC have reduction potentials between the values for NAD+/NADH couples and oxygen/H2O couples. Electrons move from more negative to more positive reductions potentials in the following order: NADH Æ’Â   Q Æ’Â   cytochrome c1 Æ’Â   cytochrome c Æ’Â   O2 Reactions that have positive reduction potentials have negative free energy and are energetically favorable. Complex III has a more positive reduction potential than Complex I and II, and Complex IV has a more positive reduction potential than Complex III. The reduction potential for each complex can be estimated with the half reactions and reduction potentials provided in Table 13-7. Below are the net equations for each complex: Complex I NADH + 5H+N + Q ↔ NAD+ + QH2 + 4H+P Complex II Succinate + Q ↔ fumarate + QH2 Complex III QH2 + 2 cyt c1 + 2H+N ↔ Q + 2 cyt c1 + 4 H+P Complex IV 4 cyt c + 8 H+N + O2 ↔ 4 cyt c + 4 H+P + 2 H2O For example: Complex I NADH + 5H+N + Q ↔ NAD+ + QH2 + 4H+P NAD+ + 2H+ 2e- Æ’Â   NADH + H+ ΔEo = -0.320 V Q + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   QH2 ΔEo = +0.045 V ΔEo = Eoacceptor Eodonor ΔEo = 0.045 (-0.320) = +0.365 V Complex III QH2 + 2 cyt c1 + 2H+N ↔ Q + 2 cyt c1 + 4 H+P Q + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   QH2 ΔEo = +0.045 V cyt c1(Fe3+) + e- Æ’Â   cyt c1(Fe2+) ΔEo = +0.220 V ΔEo = [2 x 0.220] 0.045 = +0.395 V The reduction potential for Complex III is greater than that of Complex I, correlating to flow of electrons in the ETC. Electrons move from more negative to more positive reductions potentials. In addition, both overall reactions for NADH/FADH2 to O2 are positive values, another indication that electrons moving from Complex I/II to Complex IV is energetically favorable. The calculations are provided below. This is the overall reaction for electrons that travel from NADH to O2 NADH + H+ + Â ½ O2 Æ’Â   NAD+ + H2O NAD+ + 2H+ 2e- Æ’Â   NADH + H+ ΔEo = -0.320 V Â ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   H2O ΔEo = + 0.816 V ΔEo = 0.816 (-0.320) = +1.136 V This is the overall reaction for electrons that travel from FADH2 to O2 FADH2 + Â ½ O2 Æ’Â   FAD + H2O FAD + 2H+ +2e- Æ’Â   FADH2 ΔEo = 0.219 V Â ½ O2 + 2H+ + 2e- Æ’Â   H2O ΔEo = + 0.816 V ΔEo = 0.816 (-0.219) = +1.035 V As a result of the ETC, the net reaction for the transfer of two electrons from NADH through the respiratory chain to molecular oxygen is highly exergonic (positive reduction potentials and negative free energy). For each pair of electrons transferred to O2, four protons are pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space by Complex I, four by Complex III and two by Complex IV, producing a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis (Fig.2).

Mrs Morel, and How She Ruined Lives in Sons and Lovers Essay

Gertrude Morel, a mother whose possessive love for her sons hinders their ability to establish fulfilling relationships with other women, and her detest of her husband closes him out of their lives. Gertrude can not bear to see her children live the life that her husband Walter does so she makes sure that they detest him, especially William and Paul. Mrs Morel did ruin three lives in this novel, Walter’s, William’s, and Paul’s. Walter was a simple miner with simple needs and no motivation or want to advance, when he and Gertrude first met he had thick flowing black hair and a full beard and he also laughed a lot suggesting a happy, relaxed figure. He also portrayed himself as bold and a senior in the mines making a good stable wage, owning his own house and everything in it as well. Gertrude finds her self strangely attracted, despite being described as â€Å"opposite† to her new found love. They rush into marriage but the lust that they had soon fades as the lies that were told are uncovered. Gertrude starts to despise the man she married because he lied to her and goes and spends the money he makes on alcohol instead of on his family. When William is born Gertrude smothers him in love and tries her hardest to keep him away from her husband which makes Walter jealous and angry with her that he can not have the same connection with the child that she does. Gertrude does this with all the children that she and Walter have. The eldest boys are so enveloped by their mother that they can not hold a stable relationship when they grow older because their mother wants to keep them for herself, â€Å"..William and Paul Morel are unable to love when they come to manhood, because their dominant mother holds them back, so that a split occurs between body and soul – their sweethearts getting the former; their mother getting the latter; while the boys themselves are shattered; inwardly in the course of the struggle.† (Spilka, 51) William is the first born son and so he in the one that Gertrude idolizes, he is perfect to her and she wants him to be her little boy forever. When he grows older William soon gets a job in London and moves away leaving his mother and family behind. William send his mother a letter telling her about his new job and his new found girl-friend whom he will be engaged to. William and his betrothed come to visit his family at Christmas, they seem less than impressed with her and her lifestyle especially Gertrude because she treats his family as though they are somehow inferior to her. This does not discourage William to stop loving her. William becomes sick of her when they return to see his family on a vacation, his mother has the same feelings toward her, but he refuses to call off the marriage seeing how far they had come. Later in the year William dies of pneumonia with his mother by his side. Paul is a less important to his mother until William dies, then he becomes her favourite. Paul is more frail than his brother was, and he is very artistic rather than athletic. As Paul grows in sight of his mother her love for him grows stronger because of his stature, and he grows in a way that he cares of what other people feel, especially his mother. He develops an Oedipus Complex towards his mother. â€Å"Oedipus complex makes mother a lover of her son. During childhood it seems normal and acceptable but it is abnormal and almost absurd, when he grows up, to keep such feelings. He will surely have no real love for a woman and no marriage in his life and is doomed to have a tragic ending with his love affairs and to suffer spiritually the rest of his life when his mother is gone.† (Wang) When Paul is older he starts a relationship with a woman named Miriam who wants him to love her as she loves him, she wants his soul, for him to love her with every ounce of his being as she does. Gertrude see’s this and feels threatened by her because Paul’s soul should belong to her, she believes Miriam can have him physical but not spiritually. Gertrude confronts her son about this matter and Paul tells her that he does not love Miriam, that he loves only his mother and no one else. When Paul breaks things of with Miriam and starts a relationship with Clara, Gertrude is content with them together because Clara is only interested in a physical relationship. When the relationship with Clara fades Miriam tries her luck with Paul again, she says that she wants to marry him but Paul is so fixated with his love for his mother that when he feels the slightest feelings for Miriam he feels as though he is betraying her. He declines the proposal from Miriam and goes back to his mother. Gertrude Morel was a strong woman and mother but stubborn with her children in a way that she would want them to only look to her and not to walter, no matter what the situation was. Throughout the novel Gertrude ruins three lives, that of her her husbands, and her two eldest sons. Her husband Walter was not the best man for her but he did try to be a father to his children, but his wife made it almost impossible for him to do so. He is ostracized from the family throughout the novel, his life is ruined because Gertrude made him loose the only family he had before he had a chance of being a part of it. Her eldest son and first born child William, is so fixated on his mothers approval that he learns to hate the woman that he will be married to, that marriage would become like his parents. In that way Williams life is ruined by his own mother. Her third child and second son Paul can not have a stable relationship with women because he loves his mother too much, his life is ruined because once his mother is gone he is left with nothing and still can not hold a relationship together. References Spilka, Mark. â€Å"Counterfeit Loves† Twentieth Century Interpretations of Sons and Lovers. A Collection of Critical Essays Ed.Judith Farr, Prentice-Hall, INC., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: 1970. 51-63. Print. Wang, Yi . â€Å"Should I Use Underlining or Italics?† College of Foreign Languages, Hebei University, China . ,29 March 2001. Web. 21 November 2012. .